12/18/2023 0 Comments Mekhman name originFor this purpose, the use of toxic heavy metals and precious transition metals as reactants and/or catalysts should be avoided as much as possible, especially, in the synthesis of medicinal and pharmaceutical products. The products are determined based on LC-MS/MS, UV-Vis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.Īs the global issues of environment, energy, and natural resource scarcity increase, the development of environmentally friendly and efficient catalytic methodologies of organic synthesis is strongly demanded the sustainable advancement of material civilization. This modified pine rosin was mainly used as an emulsifier for the synthetic rubber industry, varnish, ink, paper sizing, etc. 3H 2 O and ZnCl 2 catalyst, four compounds were identified employing spectroscopic methods in the reaction product: 7-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (5), 1,7-dihydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (6), 7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthren-9-ol (7) and polymer (8). Under high temperatures with a various metal transitions and halogen by FeCl 3-I 2 and Cu(NO 3) 2. It was found that a similar product was isolated, including several by-products. This paper reports that non-precious metal-based catalysts such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), or copper (Cu) with iodine (I 2) were applied to deliver the reaction by steam cracking without nitrogen (N 2) and oxygen (O 2) for economical, efficient, and greenway's catalyst. The synthesized product provides dehydroabietic acid (DHA) derivatives in high yield. Both are precious metal catalysts to proceed with oxidative dehydrogenative-aromatization of the rosin. The general methodology for transformation reported involves using palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. Abietic acid (AA) is a major compound in pine rosin, used as the object of observation in this study. The high total Indonesian production leads the primary derivatization strategy into several derivates to fulfill the market demand. Pine rosin of Pinus merkusii Jung at de Vriese is produced industrially from a distillation process of pine sap. A detailed discussion of catalytic cycles involving hypervalent iodine, hypoiodites, and other active intermediates is presented. Numerous synthetic procedures based on iodine(III) or iodine(V) catalytic species in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Oxone, peroxyacids or other stoichiometric oxidants are summarized. The material is organized according to the nature of active catalytic species (hypoiodite, trivalent, or pentavalent hypervalent iodine species) generated in these reactions from appropriate pre-catalysts. The present review summarizes catalytic applications of iodine and compounds of iodine in organic synthesis. One of the main goals of this review is presenting to industrial researchers the benefits of using catalytic iodine in chemical technology as an environmentally sustainable alternative to transition metals. Iodine is an environmentally friendly and a relatively inexpensive element, which is currently underutilized in industrial applications. These catalytic transformations in many cases are very similar to the transition metal-catalyzed reactions, but have the advantage of environmental sustainability and efficient utilization of natural resources. One of the most impressive recent achievements in this area has been the discovery of catalytic activity of iodine in numerous oxidative transformations leading to the formation of new Csingle bondO, Csingle bondN, and Csingle bondC bonds in organic compounds. Iodine and compounds of iodine in higher oxidation states have emerged as versatile and environmentally benign reagents for organic chemistry.
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